Define a Database and a Database Management System and Describe How It Solves the Problems of a Traditional File Environment. Essay Example

Characterize a Database and a Database Management System and Describe How It Solves the Problems of a Traditional File Environment. Article Example Characterize a Database and a Database Management System and Describe How It Solves the Problems of a Traditional File Environment. Article Characterize a Database and a Database Management System and Describe How It Solves the Problems of a Traditional File Environment. Article 2. For what reason was the combined watch list made? What are the advantages of the rundown? ANSWER: In the consequence of the 9-11 assaults, the two pundits and protectors of the data frameworks utilized by the US knowledge network got worried on the most proficient method to forestall future psychological militant episodes. At that point a database of suspected fear monger known as the solidified watch list was conceived. It is made so as to keep up discrete rundown about fear monger and offer pertinent data concerning the people on each agency’s list. Advantages of combined dread watch list 1. Grouping and sorting out data: ordered data about the individuals in watch list is kept up and the whole databases are efficient as indicated by their name and date of birth. 2. Given record by two sources: the NCTC and the FBI both the offices give data to recognize psychological militant. These organizations gather and keep up psychological militant data and name people for consideration in the solidified watch list. . Refreshing data with time: the watch list database is refreshed day by day with new assignments, changes, to existing records and cancellations. 4. Circulating data appropriately: Information on the rundown is disseminated to a wide scope of government organization for use in endeavors to hinder or recognize the developments of known or suspected fear based oppressor. 5. In air terminal: Airlines utilize this information for prescreening travelers the selectee records. The US customs and outskirt assurances framework utilizes bit to help screen explorers entering in the US. Last yet not the least in USA port, police headquarters, VISA focus these issues are severe. They lead a name based inquiry of the people. At the point when the automated name-coordinating framework creates a ‘hit’ against a watch list record, the aircraft or office will audit every possible match. These databases require certain base biographic or distinguishing information to acknowledge records from the merged watch list.

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 10

Globalization - Essay Example Data sharing and two-sided or key ties among world countries have been the two significant branches of globalization. The present reality is appropriately named as a worldwide town where no nation can remain in detachment. Nonetheless, all these positive effects of globalization don't keep one from surveying its negative effects; globalization has additionally offered ascend to fear based oppressor changes and composed wrongdoings, for example, sex the travel industry, mafia and medication dealing systems all through the world. This paper looks to investigate whether the beneficial outcomes of globalization can exceed its negative effects. One needs to have careful comprehension of the significance of globalization before investigating its positive and negative impacts on world countries. Robert P. Clark’s proposes that globalization is â€Å"the process by which an ever increasing number of individuals come to encounter the world as a solitary place† and that this â€Å"transformation necessitates that we have the option to think all inclusive, that is, consider our reality as a solitary, coordinated entity† (Clark 2002, p. 1). As the creator makes it understood the opportunity has already come and gone that everybody accepted the accountability of a worldwide resident; as worldwide residents every one ought to have the expansive mindedness to think all around; nobody ought to be moved by slender patriotism. Globalization has encouraged unhindered commerce, remote ventures and worldwide capital markets and there are numerous who hold the view that globalization advantage just the industrialized created countries. Notwithstanding, one needs to concede that the most striking effect of globalization is that the world has become an open market where open exchange and mechanical linkages have gotten so normal and simple. This is all around saw by Prakash S. Sethi when he expresses that â€Å"globalization and the unhindered progression of capital, merchandise, and administrations lead to the formation of riches and success among all taking an interest nations† (Sethi 2002, p.3). Global organizations have offered new skylines of

Understanding Megalophobia or the Fear of Large Objects

Understanding Megalophobia or the Fear of Large Objects Phobias Types Print Understanding Megalophobia or the Fear of Large Objects By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Updated on October 24, 2018 Monty Rakusen / Getty Images More in Phobias Types Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Megalophobia is the fear of large objects. The object in question can run the gamut from large ships to airplanes and large animals to towering sculptures.?? It is different for everyone and there is treatment available to help you deal with this phobia. The Full Scope of Megalophobia If you suffer from  megalophobia, you may only be afraid of life-like large objects. This may include large animals such as whales or elephants or large trees like sequoias or redwoods. Your phobia may be reserved for massive man-made objects like ships and blimps or stationary objects such as big sculptures and statues. Some people have megalophobia along with another phobia such as herpetophobia or fear of reptiles.?? This causes a person to be scared of  large snakes or alligators. Other combined cases include the fear of the ocean or sea creatures known as thalassophobia. Having these phobias can greatly limit your social interactions. Its imperative that you understand your phobia and get the help you need to overcome it. Lets take a look at the reality behind the illusion. Understanding Megalophobia This phobia of large objects is usually associated with objects that are larger than the actual object they are representing. It might be a larger-than-life sculpture of a person from history or an animal that does not fit the typical size we associate with the species. For people with megalophobia, these abnormal sizes create a genuine feeling of fear where others may only be in awe at the size.?? A perfect example is the fear of gigantic animals. The giant squid  has been a part of mythology and lore since the earliest days of sailing ships. Legends abound of sailors who were lost to the monsters of the deep. It is likely that in the days before modern navigational systems, many of those ships were simply run aground or dashed against the rocks. Still, the rumors persisted, though many believed that the giant squid was just a myth. The first photos of a live giant squid were finally obtained in 2004. In the 1950s, comic books and science fiction were huge trends, particularly among teenage boys. It is easy to imagine how an obsession with the giant squid could develop into a full-blown phobia. Even today, phobias of giant “killer” animals persist and are exploited in such films as Jaws and Anaconda. Treatment While Freudian psychoanalysis and behaviorism were strong in the 50s, humanism was beginning to take hold during that time. Experimental treatments were also not as heavily regulated as they are today. Many psychologists believed that experimentation was necessary in order to further the body of research and knowledge surrounding phobias. Today, of course, treatment is highly regulated and tends to fall into one of a few recognized categories. The most common is cognitive behavioral therapy, in which the client is encouraged to replace phobic thoughts with more rational ones. A psychologist may literally walk someone through what they fear about large objects. In the process, they try to rationalize why that fear may be unfounded. The goal is then to work through more realistic scenarios that will help them talk themselves out of the unrealistic origins of their fears. Flooding and systematic desensitization  in which the client is exposed to the feared object are often used as well.?? At no time is the client placed in any danger. If you have a phobia of large objects or animals, it is important to seek treatment right away. With proper treatment, most phobias can be cured or managed, but over time  untreated phobias tend to worsen. See your doctor or mental health professional develop a personalized treatment plan.

Innovations of the 19th and 20th Century That Changed the...

Abstract Many great innovations that benefited people came to earth in the 19th and 20th century. These new creations vastly improved people’s way of lives by making things easier and faster to do while some provide news and knowledge in a flash. The amazing ideas were formulated by brilliant inventors so that they could address the current needs to prevent time consuming tasks and at the same time deliver good results. Through these notable wonders which we often use were the computer, television, radio and telephone people were able to live fully and efficiently. We tackled about the most useful things and how did they become our everyday need and without these said†¦show more content†¦Exceptionally, where operating facilities exist for push-pulloperation, the train engine may be attached to the rear of the train; pilot engine, a locomotive attached in front of the train engine. It was widely known that before the end of the 19th century, the locomotive changed the fa ce of America as it furthet pushed the civilization in the country. Several years later, the telegraph revolutionized things and made an impact in a big way. The transfer of information gained a speed that had been unimaginable before the telegraph. It made communication a lot easier by means of speed. The telegraph was developed independently in the United States in 1837 with Sir Thomas Edison as one of the biggest contributor. Our next invention is the rifle. It was in the mid of the nineteenth century that the firearms provided a cutting edge to the technology of that era. The rifle heavily contributed in the war as it was used as one of the main weapons by then. The idea of the rifle was from the British Army during the Napoleonic wars in the 19th century as they seek for a stronger bullet to fire in their opponents. In 1837, the development for a new device was made by Charles Babbage. This device was conceptualize by Babbage from the early beginnings of computing machines such as the abacus by the chinese. It’s called the computer. InShow MoreRelated The Purpose of Theatre during the 20th Century1722 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the 20th Century Throughout centuries, theatre has been an enormous impact throughout society. During the 18th century, theatre had played a significant role to society because it emphasized Rationalism (The Age of Reason), which began to lead away from the limitations of Neoclassicism. Then in the 19th century, theatre was important because it introduced Melodrama or music drama to increasingly emphasize the emotions and personalities of the characters. And finally the 20th centuryRead MoreThe Production And Discovery Of Sugar And Its Amazing Taste And Capabilities Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pageseffect on farming changed how the Americas farm to this day, and has also created huge trade exchanges between continents and countries . 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It led the way for modern innovations in sugar cultivation and has given us more than sweetnessRead MoreThe Global Economy Has Changed Over Time953 Words   |  4 Pagesindicate similarities and differences between the past and the present century. In this paper I will analyze how the global economy has changed and what contributed to those changes. During the 19th century the cost of transportation decreased as a result of innovation. Income per capita nearly doubled across all classes in America and in Europe during the gilded age (1870-1900). Advancements in technology radically changed trade; with the introduction of the railway system and the use of steamshipsRead MoreArt Deco And Buhaus Essay993 Words   |  4 Pagesare best known as the forms of art that changed previous views of artwork during the 1920s and 1930s. Both of these forms of art impacted not only art itself but also architecture, fashion design, graphic design and industrial design. During this time new inventions involving technology where becoming popular along with the new forms of art and sculpture. A major effect on modernity occurred along with the designs being created during the 19th and 20th century due to the invention of new machineryRead MoreIndustrialization During The Industrial Revolution1577 Words   |  7 PagesIndustrialization – ever changing the face and heartbeat of our society and the world in which we live – since the Industrial Revolution began in Britain (from 1760 until sometime between 1820 and 1840). The improvement of business acquisitions and evolution of trade were essential to the Industrial Revolution. Most of the British population lived in the countryside, in small villages, and interacted closely within their family unit and work. 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Today, however, it is used to imply the distortion and bias of the West towards the East, justifying supremacy and domination of the West to the East. During that time, the West and the East (especially China and Japan) hadRead MoreAmericanization of Foods: Food is traditionally considered as a simple means of subsistence but1400 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional significance. Consequently, food is currently used as a means of defining shared identities and symbolizes religious and group customs. In the early 17th and 18th centuries, this mere means of subsistence was considered as a class maker but developed to become a symbol of national identity in the 19th centuries. In the United States, food has been influenced by various cultures such as Native American, Latin America, and Asian cultures. Consequently, Americans have constantly AmericanizedRead MoreThe Movements of the 20th Century Culture Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most important events that occurred in the 20th century? A century that was full of many innovations; most importantly, these events made a tremendous impact in our lives as of today. The 20th century contributed an abundance of improvements to our culture. In addition, the progressions of the advancement helped society lives to better, such as the industrialization, the remarkable inventions that made our lives easier. Nevertheless, the 20th century presented a copious amount of remarkable artists

Are Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan in Asia or Europe

Geographically speaking, the nations of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan lie between the Black Sea to the west and the Caspian Sea to the east. But is this part of the world in Europe or in Asia? The answer to that question depends on who you ask. Why Are Europe and Asia Different Continents? Although most people are taught that Europe and Asia are separate continents, this definition isnt entirely correct. A continent is generally defined as a large mass of land occupying most or all of a single tectonic plate, surrounded by water. By that definition, Europe and Asia arent separate continents at all. Instead, they share the same large landmass that stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific in the west. Geographers call this supercontinent Eurasia. The boundary between what is considered Europe and what is considered Asia is a largely arbitrary one, determined by a coincidental mix of geography, politics, and human ambition. Although there are divisions between Europe and Asia dating back as far as ancient Greece, the modern Europe-Asia border was first established in 1725 by a German explorer named  Philip Johan von Strahlenberg.  Von  Strahlenberg chose the Ural Mountains in western Russia as the hypothetical dividing line between the continents. This mountain range stretches from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Caspian Sea in the south. Politics Versus Geography The precise definition of where Europe and Asia were located was debated well into the 19th century, as the Russian and Iranian empires battled repeatedly for political supremacy of the  southern Caucasus Mountains where Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia lie. But by the time of the Russian Revolution, when the U.S.S.R. consolidated its borders, the issue had become moot. The Urals lay well within the Soviet Unions borders, as did territories on its periphery, such as Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia.   With the fall of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, these and other former Soviet republics achieved independence, if not political stability. Geographically speaking, their re-emergence on the international stage renewed debate over whether Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia lie within Europe or Asia. If you use the invisible line of the Ural Mountains and continue it south into the Caspian Sea, then the nations of the  southern Caucasus lie within Europe. It might be better to argue that  Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are instead the gateway to southwestern Asia. Over the centuries, this region has been ruled by the Russians, the Iranians, Ottoman, and Mongol powers. Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia Today Politically, all three nations have tilted toward Europe since the 1990s. Georgia has been the most aggressive in opening relations with the European Union and NATO. By contrast, Azerbaijan has become an influence among politically nonaligned nations. Historical ethnic tensions between Armenia and Turkey have also driven the former into pursuing pro-European politics.   Sources Lineback, Neil. Geography in the News: Eurasias Boundaries. National Geographic Voices, July 9, 2013.Misachi, John. How Is The Border Between Europe And Asia Defined? WorldAtlas.com. Poulsen, Thomas, and Yastrebov, Yevgeny. Ural Mountains. Brittanica.com. Nov 2017.

Eliminative Materialism Free Essays

Explain Eliminative Materialism. Explain an argument in its favor. Does the Argument succeed? In this paper I will discuss Eliminative Materialism, a theory in philosophy of mind. We will write a custom essay sample on Eliminative Materialism or any similar topic only for you Order Now First I will explain the term theory-theory, next Folk Psychology, as a theory will be discussed. Then, I will clarify the failure of Folk Psychology as per Eliminative Materialism. Last, I will explain an argument in favor of Eliminative Materialism. Finally, I will elucidate whether the argument succeeds or fails. Functionally, a theory must make predictions, interpret evidence in new ways, and provide explanations of phenomena in its domain [http://www. iep. utm. edu/th-th-co/]. Science contains an ample amount of theories. For example, the theory of evolution in biology makes the prediction that all life forms arose from a common ancestor. In the event that a new species is to be discovered the theory of evolution can, based on its careful observations and classifications of life forms, predict the ancestors of the newly discovered species. The theory of evolution does provide adequate explanation of phenomena in its domain; hence it is a successful theory. â€Å"The term â€Å"Theory-Theory† derives from Adam Morton (1980), who proposed that our everyday understanding of human psychology constitutes a kind of theory by which we try to predict and explain behavior in terms of its causation by beliefs, intentions, emotions, traits of character, and so on†[http://www. iep. uwtm. edu/th-th-co/]. The hypothesized theory of human behavior is â€Å"Folk Psychology†. Folk Psychology provides explanations of human behavior, which is contingent on other mental states, like: desires, beliefs, fears, perceptions and so forth [Paul Churchland]. Hence, Folk Psychology has numerous mental states in its domain for which it provides explanations. To provide explanation of phenomenon and predictions Folk Psychology and other scientific theories use deductive nomological (law-like) explanations (Campbell). This is according to Paul Churchland. Here is an example of a deductive nomological explanation of fear-behavior as per Folk Psychology: People who are exposed to something scary tend to be scared. People who tend to be scared shriek â€Å"Yahhhhooowww† I scared my friend by surprising her Therefore, My friend said â€Å"Yahhhhooowww† Deductive nomological predictions can be attained my manipulating the tenses. According to Paul Churchland Folk Psychology has become such an integral and seemingly natural part of our way of dealing with one another; we overlook its theoretical status. Another reason for its seamless integration is the fact that Folk Psychology is an empirical revisionary theory. â€Å"It is so obviously a theory†¦ The structural features of Folk Psychology parallel perfectly those of mathematical physics; the only difference lies in the respective domain of abstract entities they exploit-numbers in the case of physics, and propositions in the case of psychology†(Churchland) Being an empirical revisionary theory Folk Psychology excepts far more generalizations/exceptions than do other reputable theories (Campbell). Now that we have seen that Folk Psychology shares theoretical underpinnings with actual scientific theories what is next? According to an Eliminative Materialist then Folk Psychology can be disproven/eliminated. The preceding also suggests that Folk Psychology is not innate (knowledge that is a priori) as we might believe. That our commonsense psychological framework may be completely erroneous. – â€Å"The presumed domain of folk psychology used to be much larger than it is now. In primitive cultures, the behavior of most of the elements of nature were understood in intentional term. The wind could know anger†¦ † Churchland – The above shows reduction of the domain over the course of the years of folk psychology â€Å"Given that folk psychology is an empirical theory, it is at least an abstract possibility that its principles are radically false and that its ontology is an illusion. â€Å"(Churchland) Our Ontology is the catalogue of all things we believe actually exist in the universe. Campbell) â€Å"Born of innocence and tunnel vision† Churchland To measure Folk Psychology’s success â€Å"we must evaluate Folk Psychology with regard to its coherence and continuity with fertile and well-established theories in adjacent domains-with evolutionary theory, biology, and neuroscience. † (Churchland). – Mention the failings of Folk Psychology here. Specific example the process of learning. If folk psychology is something that is itself learned then folk psychology would thus appear incapable of even addressing how one learns. Folk psychology then comes across a theory that is at best a highly superficial theory, a partial and unpenetrating gloss on a deeper and more complex reality. A reality that can be uncovered only by mature neuroscience. – If we approach homo sapiens from the perspective of natural history and the physical sciences, we can tell a coherent story of his constitution, development, and behavioral capacities which encompasses†¦ That story, though still radically incomplete, is already extremely powerful, outperforming Folk Psychology at many points even in its own domain. – â€Å"On why is Folk Psychology hard to get rid of: Folk Psychology is a central part of our current lebenswelt, and serves as the principle vehicle of our interpersonal commerce. Foe these facts provide folk psychology with a conceptual inertia that goes far beyond its purely theoretical virtues. Folk psychology’s categories appear (so far) to be incommensurable with or orthogonal to the categories of the background physical science whose long-term claim to explain human behavior seems undeniable. What is Folk Psychology? Folk Psychology is the common-sense understanding of mental states [Stanford]. By â€Å"common-sense understanding† it is meant that mental states are not discerned in a scientific manner. Folk psychology encompasses the explanation and the prediction of behavior, the other-minds problem, the natu re of introspection How to cite Eliminative Materialism, Papers

How Long Can a Teacher Teach Before He Becomes Stale free essay sample

A discussion on the importance of teachers learning new skills and applying these newly learned skills in the classroom. This paper looks at the ideas of whether teachers should be made to go back into learning to gain a new license after a period of time and also looks at how their time can best be used with initiating new forms and methods in the classroom. In many cases the end of the course many be the end of the job with those individual pupils for a teacher. The process has been seen through from start to finish, with imagination, innovation, understanding and tolerance used at all stages. In many ways it may indeed be these qualities that are most important in a teacher rather than the technical skills, as with these skills the technical ability can be learnt. (Mueller and Dweck, 1998). Teaching is not just a career it is a vocation, and as a vocation, it would be almost impossible to teach those core non-technical abilities to non skilled people, yet it with this in mind with a renewed structure of re education for teachers new ideas can perspectives can be placed into the forum with a new eagerness after a break from the classroom. We will write a custom essay sample on How Long Can a Teacher Teach Before He Becomes Stale? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Social Status free essay sample

The novel Wuthering Heights takes place in nineteenth century England, a time where social class held utmost importance and the characters in this novel were no exception to that standard. The effects of the extreme importance placed on social status on the characters is seen throughout the novel. These social pressures effected the character’s sense of self, and more importantly, their relationships and love. Heathcliff had the most trouble fitting into the prim and proper standards of the English high class society when he arrived at Wuthering Heights. Many of the family members shared negative opinions of him except Catherine, who herself once belonged to the lower class. The relationship between Heathcliff and Catherine ended on the basis of the negative views of Heathcliff and his lack of high social class. In Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte illustrates how Heathcliff and Catherine are effected by the importance of social status. Moreover, the effects of social class had the greatest impact on the two main characters in the novel, Heathcliff and Catherine. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Status or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Heathcliff appeared poor and unkept but when Catherine saw him, she knew she loved him. But there was also Edgar, a handsome and wealthy man who Catherine also experienced feelings for. When choosing which man she would marry it became clear that the high social class of Edgar outweighed her true passion for Heathcliff. â€Å"It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know I love him† (Bronte, 82). When asked why Catherine loved Edgar she explained it was because he was handsome, young, cheerful, and wealthy. â€Å"I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband† (Bronte, 80). Catherine was concerned about her reputation among the other women she knew, although Nelly knew that, in reality, Catherine’s true passion and love lied with Heathcliff. Nelly questioned Catherine on her acceptance of Edgar’s marriage proposal because she saw that Catherine wanted to marry him for all the wrong reasons. Catherine knew this as well but fear kept her from admitting to herself that she loved someone who could possibly ruin her social class and reputation. â€Å"My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath- a source of little visible delight, but necessary† (Bronte, 84). Even Catherine herself recognized her true love was Heathcliff saying that while he may not be handsome and socially acceptable, she needed Heathcliff. Catherine’s impression of Heathcliff came not only from herself but from the opinions of the strong minded people around her. Furthermore, Catherine was not the only one who held high social standards, especially when it came to Heathcliff. From the moment that Mr. Earnshaw arrived back to Wuthering Heights Heathcliff was not greeted with open arms, †Hindley hated him, and to say the truth, I [Nelly] did the same† (Bronte, 42). Hindley’s strong opinions on Heathcliff influenced Catherine. The impression that Heathcliff made was that when he first walked into Wuthering Heights looking disheveled, the first sign of a person in England with low social class. Everyone at Wuthering Heights saw Heathcliff as a â€Å"dirty, ragged, black haired child† and a â€Å"gipsy brat† (Bronte, 41). Because of these conceptions that the English had during this time, almost all of the family members at Wuthering Heights wanted nothing to do with Heathcliff. Accordingly, Catherine also tried to convince her sister-in-law, Isabella, not to marry Heathcliff. She feared the same thing for Isabella that she did herself, she did not want her to lessen her reputation by marrying Heathcliff. She called him â€Å"a half-civilized ferocity† and yet again mentioned how he would degrade her (Bronte, 96). Edgar, Isabella’s brother also very much despised the idea of her marrying Heathcliff. Edgar did not want someone of Heathcliff’s status to have the rights to the land and the fortune of Wuthering Heights and the Thrushcross Grange. He did not believe someone such as Heathcliff deserved so much and thought Heathcliff only wanted status and wealth. All of this hatred towards Heathcliff stems from the views all of the characters share about the importance of social class and keeping a good reputation. Neither Catherine nor Edgar cared that Isabella actually loved Heathcliff. The social importance effected Heathcliff that his rel ationship with Isabella stemmed from revenge. Heathcliff wanted to exact revenge on Edgar and Catherine for their marriage, since Catherine chose Edgar over him. Heathcliff knew that by having relations with Edgar’s sister he could obtain his revenge. Heathcliff knew of the hatred towards him caused by his social class. Therefore, the major theme that runs through the novel Wuthering Heights, is the effect of social classes in nineteenth century England. The social standards of the characters create havoc in the lives and the relationships. The relationship most effected by these views of social classes is that of Heathcliff’s and Catherine’s. If not for the skewed view of social importance Catherine would have married Heathcliff over Edgar. Catherine had a passion for Heathcliff but in the end was negatively impacted by the strong, narrow-minded opinions of Hindley and the others at Wuthering Heights. Another relationship involving Heathcliff was also looked down upon due to his low social class. The main character, Heathcliff, has the negative conceptions of social importance impact him the most throughout this novel.

And Then Came NAFTA… †Economics Essay

And Then Came NAFTA†¦ – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers And Then Came NAFTA Economics Essay The goal of most businesses in the world is to make money. To make money, businesses target groups or markets of individuals to sell their goods and services to. Since the dawn of time, cultures have ventured out to trade with other cultures that have new and better goods. With the great advances in shipping, technology and communication that the 21st century has seen, it is more important then ever for business and countries to look to other nations for partnership in trading and bartering. This has many advantages to countries and individuals. First, it brings down the price of goods by allowing items not easily or cheaply produced in one part of the world to be supplied by parts of the world where they are easily produced. Bartering with other countries also increases the target market for your products 10 fold. The more people introduced to a new item the more sales it will generate. Regional trade blocs are intergovernmental associations that manage and promote trade activities for specific regions of the world.(ucatlas.ucsc.edu) One of the largest trade blocs in the world in NAFTA, or The North American Free Trade Agreement. NAFTA has three main players, the United States of America, Mexico and Canada. The United States has linked with Canada and Mexico to form a free trade zone, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and now hopes to extend that to the rest of Latin America to create a Free Trade Area of the Americas. The US is already negotiating with Chile to join NAFTA, but that has caused controversy with some other South American countries. The NAFTA agreement covers environmental and labor issues as well as trade and investment, but US unions and environmental groups argue that the safeguards are too weak.( revisionguru.co.uk) NAFTA has a trade flow of more then 2,000 billion dollars; 1,017 billion dollars in exporting and 1,277 billion dollars in imports. NAFTA was introduced on January 1, 1994; came with it was promises of new jobs, a spark in the economies of all three players and a safer and more concrete trade between its partners. NAFTA set up many rules and regulations for its partners that transcend legal, state and local, political and economic. It puts regulations on food safety as well tariff constraints and taxes. In fact, there were many stipulations set up by NAFTA that congress itself denied before the introduction of NAFTA. Mexico was enticed by the overwhelming potential financial gain attributed to doing business with America and Canada. America and Canada were interested in Mexico for cheap labor costs and further markets for goods and services. One interesting point of the three partners of NAFTA are their huge differences of economic levels. America’s gross national product is $11,750,000,000,000; Canada’s is $1,023,000,000,000; and brining up the rear is Mexico with a GNP of $1,006,000,000,000. One of the selling points to Mexico and America was the potential increase in economic statues of Mexico. As you can see, there is a huge difference between the economic statuses of the three members of NAFTA. This difference in economic stages between the members of NAFTA is one of the many advantages to the members themselves. There are many advantages to NAFTA for all parties involved. Some of these advantages are as follows: For every 1 billion dollars in exports, 40,000 jobs are created in America. Opens up the Mexican market Fosters economic integration Spurs growth, generates jobs and protects the environment Allows each country to specialize and become more efficient Access to large pool of cheap labor Some of the disadvantages are as follows. Potential losses of jobs Environmental problems Lower safety and health standards Uneven effect on the Texas Vs. other states. Adjustment costs for the three partners Dynamic effects Transferred from the center to the periphery? Constraints on development policy NAFTA will limit the adoption of certain economic policies Hidden costs: How to bring together the three economies (cas.suffolk.edu) Global implications of NAFTA are extremely large. NAFTA in effect, has broken down the trade barrier walls between two world superpowers and have sparked a slow moving economy in Mexico. There has been much talk about adding other countries to NAFTA like Chile and other South American countries, the more countries involved in NAFTA, then arguably it will increase the effectiveness of NAFTA as a whole. For our neighbors across the pond, it makes goods and services from America cheaper. With quantity, prices of our good and services will drop dramatically. It also sparks further trading because of the perceived stability of America’s economic persona. Another impact NAFTA has on the global economy stems from the fact that America has its hands in many pots. On top of trading with its regional partners, America does business with many other countries in many other trade agreements. Another important characteristic of U.S. trade is the wide variation in sectional trade bala nces by region. While gains from trade liberalization are brought about by increased volumes of imports and exports, these gains can be offset through terms-of-trade effects. (ers.usda) NAFTA is a powerful trade agreement between three counties governments to allow for businesses to trade easily across boarders. With talk about increasing the members of NAFTA, it will surely gain strength and advantages for its members. As for the global market, as NAFTA grows and America’s economic reputation increases, there will be many benefits for non NAFTA members. References cas.suffolk.edu/royo/CAS393/MEX7/sld007.htm Http://www.Wikipedia.com Http://www.Sticky-Marketing.com ers.usda.gov/publications/aer771/aer771e.pdf Http://www.Learnthat.com http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php http://ucatlas.ucsc.edu/trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php citizen.org/trade/nafta revisionguru.co.uk/economics/blocsex.htm Research Papers on And Then Came NAFTA... - Economics EssayDefinition of Export QuotasThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XGenetic Engineering

Trustees Duties and Powers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Trustees Duties and Powers - Essay Example â€Å"A Trust is an arrangement where one or more persons (the â€Å"Trustees†) hold property for another person or persons (the â€Å"Beneficiaries†). This relationship is governed primarily by the document creating the trust (the â€Å"Trust Deed†) and by legislation and case law. Legal ownership of Trust property is in the Trustees’ names but the beneficial interest belongs to the beneficiaries. The idea behind a Trust is the concept of duty. Trustees are under a duty to deal with the property in their hands in the interests of the beneficiaries. If they do not do so, they will be in breach of Trust and the beneficiaries may seek relief from the courts to ensure that the terms of the Trust are carried out.† Understanding from the above explanation, we find that a trust is an arrangement of one or more persons, who are known as the trustees. Over here, Sally is a trustee. A trustee arranges property, which may also be included as cash money, for the benefit of another person or persons, and those persons are known as beneficiaries. Therefore, from the understanding of the quoted text, we may figure out that under this circumstance, Harry and Caroline. The question is whether George may be included as a beneficiary for the 25,000 USD legacies. With regard to the first question, the trust which Sally had held for George is a secret trust. She has put the 25,000 on her own legacy as the money which is deemed to be distinguished from the main trust beneficial to her 2 children. There are many reasons why an individual might want to have a protective trust against the name of an outsider, however the purpose is to allow a certain sum of money as a safeguard in case of any misfortune or unfortunate event happening in the distribution of the trust. Since Bill is the executor of the will, it is on his discretion to award the legacy of the trust to George. The gift which Sally has given to George is a valid gift under the law of trust and therefore should be awarded to the beneficiary, which is George on the discretion of Bill himself. B) The second question is as follows: â€Å"Harry has, since Sally’s death, been made bankrupt. He asks for money from his trust fund to buy a house for himself Louise and George to live in. † As mentioned before, Harry is one of the main beneficiaries in the distribution of the trust. Even though his mother did not approve of his lifestyle and found him to be irresponsible to carry out the duties as beneficiary properly, there is no denying to the fact that he is indeed one of the beneficiaries and therefore has all the rights under the trust law to claim his stake in the property left by his mother. Understanding from the above statement, only the trustee has the power to assign where the trust is distributed, and the document of trust has the final binding nature with respect to the distribution of the trust property. Over here, Sally had assigned a protective trust to her son of an amount of 500,000 USD to be given to him, and the rest on RSCPA. â€Å"In order to understand a protective trust, it is first necessary to understand the purpose of its establishment. In contrast to an asset protection trust, which tends to be established with the interests of the settler (that is, the individual establishing the trust) in mind, a protective trus

Analyze the implications of the 1st and 2nd Amendments to the U.S Essay

Analyze the implications of the 1st and 2nd Amendments to the U.S. Constitution - Essay Example The Bill of Rights is arguably the most crucial portion of the Constitution because it ensures that our system of majority rule will not degenerate into a system of mob rule. It is designed to protect the rights of the minority from an unfettered majority that might otherwise trample those rights. The protection of minority rights that is enshrined within the Bill of Rights facilitates an open political system in which dissent is tolerated under the law and informs the political process. In essence, protection of minority rights such as freedom to criticize the government and freedom of the press to openly report on government activities is the reason why the United States is able to have a legitimate political system marked by free and fair elections. If minority rights were squashed, it would lead to a governmental system more akin to communism, in which the majority party becomes the only legal party because they essentially outlaw the opposition. The First and Second Amendments t o the Constitution are critically important components of the scheme to protect minority rights in America. The First Amendment to the ... It is no accident that these three basic freedoms are outlined within the first of ten Amendments. It is likely that the Framers of the Constitution considered these to be the most important of all the rights that need to be protected from the will of the majority, in order to establish a truly open and free democratic republic. Among the many current issues that have arisen out of the First Amendment is the question of the extent to which the press has the right to protect its sources. The jailing us New York Times reporter Judith Miller for failing to reveal her source in the matter of the leak of the identity of CIA operative Valerie Plame raises the specter of the government's ability to chill press freedom to investigate and report on sensitive government matters. Ultimately, it was found that the interest of the state in prosecuting criminals and providing for national security trumps the right of reporters to refuse to disclose their sources. The implications of this finding are grave; and it remains to be seen whether investigative reporting in America will be severely weakened in the future as potential sources of information refuse to come forward for fear that the government might force disclosure of their identities. That result could end up depriving the public of important information they need to develop informed opinions about public matters. Another First Amendment issue that continues to be relevant is the doctrine of Separation of Church and State. The First Amendment guarantees that "Congress shall make no law respecting the Establishment of a religion," nor shall the government be allowed to prohibit free exercise of religion. In essence, the First Amendment guarantees that the government, in all its

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

CAR-T Cells in the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Abstract Cancer has always been a difficult problem to be solved by humans, of which leukemia is one of them. With the development of gene recombination technology and our in-depth understanding of cancer, chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) can be carried out in clinical trials. Recently, CAR-T has made new progress in the treatment of acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CAR-T cells are T-cell receptor gene and anti-CD19 antibody gene binding, transfection to T cells, in vitro amplification after transfer to patients for the treatment of leukemia new immunotherapy. The surface of the modified CAR-T cells has a specific binding site, which can recognize the CD19 antigen on the surface of B cells in lymphoblastic leukemia. CD19 antigen can stimulate the continuous activation and proliferation of CAR-T, CAR-T in the patients body can be multiplied hundreds of times, effectively killing acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Keywords: car-t cell therapy, chronic lymphocytic leukemia 1. CAR-T principle With the development of gene recombination technology, the specific antibody can be stably expressed on the surface of T cells, so that it has a specific antigen epitope. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is carried out on the basis of a cellular immunotherapy. The chimeric anti-gen receptor (CARs) is an antigen-recognition domain composed of a specific antibody in the extracellular domain and an antigen-chimeric protein composed of the intracellular CDC3-ÃŽ ¶ chain or FcÃŽ ³I protein linked to the transmembrane domain[1]. After the CARs are recognized and stimulated by specific antigens, they can provide activation signals for T cells and conduct the signals through the intracellular domain, which results in the activation of cells, which are CARs dependent cell activation and cytotoxicity, and cytokines Release [2]. In order to increase the cytotoxicity of CARs, the proliferation of signal transduction was achieved by constructing co-stimulatory molecules connected to the extracellular CD3CÃŽ ¶ in the intracellular domain, resulting in a multiplication of the cell killing effect, which greatly enhanced the CARs Cell killing effect [3]. Generation of CARs intracellular contains only one activation domain, so its specificity in the identification of tumor cell-associated antigens after killing effect is very limited [4]. Second-generation CARs contain an activation domain and a co-stimulatory domain, such as CD28 or 4-1BB [5-6]. The three-generation CARs are composed of the activation domain and multiple co-stimulatory domains, such as CD27, CD28, 4-1BB and OX40. The increase of these domains not only increases the ability of CAR-T cells to specifically recognize TAA and binding , More able to significantly extend the extracellular area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹the cell signal transmission, causing lower levels of cell killing cascade [7]. With the improvement of structural design of CARs and the improvement of tumor targeting and kil ling, the researchers have constructed many other intracellular co-stimulatory molecular structures, including CD134, Lck, ICOS and DAP10 [8]. In addition, CD19-derived CAR-T cells were further engineered by researchers at the Duke University Center for Immunology to autocrine IL-12, which may or may not be required in specific syngeneic tumor models Pretreatment chemotherapy, if further extended to clinical patients can be in the lower side effects to obtain better efficacy [9]. Therefore, the continuous innovation of CARs related technologies is not only the structural optimization, but also the construction of more costimulatory molecules in function. The efficiency and function of CAR-T cells will be further improved. 2. Obtain specific CAR-T cells CD19 is a potential target for B-cell neoplasms and can be expressed in normal B cells, follicular dendritic cells, malignant B cells, and precursor B cells in addition to hematopoietic stem cells [10]. Acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia is usually accompanied by CD19 expression, but in other lymphoid system tumor expression is not the same. Jena and others through genetic modification technology for the first time applied to chronic viral vector, the CD19 + specific chimeric antigen receptorand expression of B cells, transfected into the patients T cells, the transformation of T cells called CD19-specific CAR -T cells [11]. These T cells in vitro after a large number of amplification, re-enter the acute and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients play a role in the body. CD19-specific CAR-T cells are able to recognize leukemia specific CD19 targets and release B-cells from CD19 cells by releasing a variety of cytokines, thereby promoting the clearance of malignant tumor cells. The results show that, after retroviral gene transfection of T cells, in clinical applications is safe and effective [12]. CD19-specific CAR-T cells have been shown to be effective in attacking CD19 + tumor cell lines and in vivo B-cell tumors in animals [13]. In immunodeficient mice, CD19 + T cells can be effectively removed by the addition of CD19 + T cells [14]. 3. CAR-T cells in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a slow-growing, inert B-cell leukemia, usually occurring in adults, and many patients can have no symptoms for several years, compared with other types of leukemia. Currently CLL has no specific treatment options, no obvious symptoms of CLL advocates observation and wait, mainly symptomatic treatment, drug therapy is difficult to achieve long-term remission and clinical cure. Genetically modified CAR-T cells have a significant therapeutic effect on B-cell malignancies. The New England Journal reported in June that the June Task Force [15] successfully treated 3 patients with CLL with CAR-T cells for the first time, 2 of whom were still in complete remission after 2 years of follow-up. They subsequently found that [16], the infusion of CAR-T cells in patients with peripheral blood and bone marrow in a large number of survival, proliferation in the body more than 1000 times, effective removal of CLL cells function can be maintained for more than 6 months. Not only that, some CAR-T cells are even in the form of memory cells that produce a rapid response when re-exposed to CLL cells. The mechanisms by which CAR-T cells proliferate and survive in vivo are unclear, probably due to the activation or release of cytokines by normal B cells and CD19-expressing leukemic cells in the internal environment. The cytokines such as IFN-r, CXCL9, IL-6 and soluble IL-2 receptor increased significantly after CAR-T cells entered the body, reaching a peak on the 23rd day after transfusion. Elevated cytokines in bone marrow were consistent with reduced levels of leukemic cells, but TNF levels in peripheral blood and bone marrow did not vary significantly. The number of CAR-T cells in vivo was detected by RT-PCR, and the ratio of cells increased 1000-fold on the 21st day after transfection, accounting for more than 20% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. The number of CAR-T cells was consistent with the time of oncolytic syndrome and elevated lev els of cytokines. The doubling time of CAR-T cells in peripheral blood was about 1.2 days and the half-life was 31 days. It is noteworthy that cytotoxic side effects such as cytokine release syndrome and macrophage activation syndrome may occur after treatment with CAR-T cell immunotherapy. These symptoms and children hemophagocytic syndrome, lymphoproliferative disease occurs in similar cytokine storm [17]. Cytokine storm is due to CAR-T cells kill B cells caused by tumor cell lysis, characterized by inflammation, long-term fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cell reduction. At this point the laboratory examination of patients with ferritin, triglyceride, transaminase, bilirubin, soluble IL-2 receptor a chain were increased and fibrinogen reduction [18]. CAR-T cells after the input, the patients peripheral blood and bone marrow loss of B cells and hypogammaglobulinaemia up to 6 months or more, but patients do not necessarily have recurrent infection. If the clinical symptoms require symptom atic treatment, the number of CAR-T cells in the patients body or the anti-tumor effect will not be significantly affected. In the past, patients treated with rituximab, after a few months of treatment, B cells can gradually pick up. Whether this phenomenon will occur in patients with CAR-T cell immunotherapy is still unclear. Because CAR-T cells can proliferate extensively and produce cytotoxicity in vivo, CAR-T cell-specific detection is needed in the course of clinical treatment [19], and timely prevention of adverse reactions occurs. 4. Adverse reactions and treatment Although CAR-T cell therapy has achieved surprising clinical results, but have to admit that there are still many cell treatment process risk, adverse reactions after treatment for the treatment of a great test. Because CAR-T can proliferate in vivo and produce severe cytotoxic effects on target cells, the most common and serious is cytokine release syndrome (CRS) [20]. In the current report of CAR-T cells in the treatment of blood cancer cases, almost all appeared in different severity of the CRS response. CRS is mainly due to the large number of cells after activation, including circulating IL-6, ferritin, INFÃŽ ³, IL-2, granulocyte colony stimulating factor IL-10, IL-8, IL-5, including rapid increase in cytokines Caused by fever without cause of infection, persistent hypotension, and even reports of neurological toxicity such as seizures [21-22]. CRS was observed in 48 of the 51 patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells (94%) and serum ferritin levels were greater than 1000 mg / dl in all patients with severe CRS 4-5 C The relationship between the increase of CRP and the course of disease was similar to that of ferritin, but serum C reactive protein and ferritin level did not have significant effect on the prediction of CRS progression. Further, they used 10 healthy volunteers as baseline and found that severe CRS responses within 1 month after CAR-T cell therapy were associated with 24 cytokines including IFNÃŽ ³, IL-6, SGP-130, and SIL6R Serum levels of the peak correlation [23]. Patients with severe CRS response to the survival of patients posed a huge risk, patients with severe hypotension or shock, respiratory distress syndrome, neurotoxicity, liver and kidney dysfunction, it must actively deal with the situation. In addition to the use of vasoactive drugs, tracheotomy and enhanced supportive therapy, the application of IL-6 receptor inhibitor tincture of monoclonal antibody is necessary by inhibiting IL-6 binding to cells and soluble IL-6 And bl ock its classic and bypass IL-6 signal pathway, so after receiving the monoclonal antibody treatment, many patients quickly achieved a good clinical response [24]. CRS can be divided into 5 levels, different levels of recommended CRS treatment is different, it is generally recommended priority early adequate use of trastuzumab to prevent severe CRS response, but because IL-6 mAb is not easy through the blood-brain barrier, 3 to 4 neurotoxic patients, may be preferred to use glucocorticoids to prevent severe CRS. Therefore, IL-6 monoclonal antibody can be relatively early application, can be controlled for CRS and does not affect the efficacy of CAR-T 5. Summary and outlook Nowadays, the clinical application of CAR-T cell therapy, especially the treatment of CD19 CAR-T in hematologic tumors, has made great achievements and the application potential of adoptive immunotherapy as the main representative of CAR-T cell immunotherapy Is very broad. Not only in the blood disease, but also in solid tumors and many benign or chronic diseases, it also has a lot of potential applications. With the development of gene recombination technology and antigen protein construction technology, more CAR-T has been applied to precise targeted therapy. In addition, epitopes expressed on the surface of different blood tumor cells, such as: CD20, CD22, CD34, etc. may also be used as future treatment of other refractory blood diseases targeted to disease treatment to bring a new direction. One of the patients treated with CD19-modified CAR-T cells for MLL rearrangement of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed that two patients developed AML after one month of treatment, wh ich may be related to the CD19-negative cellular immune escape Of a mechanism-related [25]. Therefore, the application of CAR-T in combination with multiple epitopes and the sustained killing effect of CAR-T cells in vivo may bring new hope to these cases. There have also been advances in the use of checkpoint inhibitors in combination with CAR-T in the treatment of animals such as AML [26]. However, CAR-T therapy is still a significant clinical risk of adverse treatment, therefore, CAR-T therapy to avoid the safety and toxicity is also a clinical problem to be solved. At present, CAR-T cell therapy for specific antigenic epitopes is combined with nonspecific traditional therapy for tumor cells. It is also a safe and reasonable regimen for the treatment of these diseases, not only killing the tumor cells completely, reducing immune escape and ineffective CAR-T cell immunotherapy, in turn, reduces the dose of non-targeted therapies such as prior chemotherapy and the consequent toxic reactions. Therefore, in the process of discovering new target antigens and constructing precise immunotherapy, The combination of non-targeted drugs and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is also the research direction of CAR-T cell therapy for a long time. Thus, CAR-T cell therapy has provided new hope for refractory hematologic malignancies, and although there is a pleasing therapeutic effect, more research and further clinical trials are needed, Multi-angle, combined with previous and recent targeted therapy experience, will give CAR-T cell therapy to bring a broader application prospect and exciting clinical efficacy. References: [1] Deniger DC, Switzer K, Mi T, et al.Bispecific T-cells expressing polyclonal repertoire of endogenous gammadelta T-cell receptors and introduced CD19-specific anti receptor[J].Molecular therapy:the journal of the AMerican society of gene therapy, 2013, 21(3):638-647. [2] Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper LJ.Redirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor[J].Blood, 2010, 116(7):1035-1044. [3] Wang J, Jensen M, Lin Y, et al.Optimizing adoptive polyclonal T cell immunotherapy of lymphomas, using a chimeric T cell receptor possessing CD28 and CD137 costimulatory domains[J].Human gene therapy, 2007, 18(8):712-725. [4] Jensen MC, Popplewell L, Cooper LJ, et al.Antitransgene rejection reponses contribute to attenuated persistence of adoptively transferred CD20/CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells in humans[J].Biology of blood and marrow transplantation:journal of the American society for blood and Marrow transplantation, 2010, 16(9)à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡1245-1256. [5] Kowolik CK, Topp MS, Gonzalez S, et al.CD28 Costimulation provided through a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor enhances in vivo persistence and antitumor efficacy of aoptively tyansferred T cell[J].Cancer research, 2006, 66à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ 22à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡10995-11004. [6] Sanchez-paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-ruiz ME, et al.Deciphering CD137(4-1BB) signaling in T cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy[J].European journal of immunology, 2016, 46(3):513-522. [7] Pule MA, Straathof KC, Dotti G, et al.A chimeric T cell antigen receptor that augments cytokine release and supports clonal expansion of Primary human T cell[J].Molecular therapy:the journal of the American society of gene therapy, 2005, 12(5):933-941. [8] Zhao Y, Wang QJ, Yang S, et al.A herceptin-based chimeric antigen rcetor with modified signaling domains leads to enhanced survival of transduced T lymphocytes and antitumor activity[J].Journal of immunology, 2009, 183(9):5563-5574. [9] Pegram HJ, Lee JC, Hayman EG, et al.Tumor-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 cradicate systemic tumors without need for prior conditioning[J].Blood, 2012, 119(18):4133-4141. [10] Morgan RA, Yang JC, Kitano M, et al. Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing Eà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²BB2. Mol Ther, 2010; 18 ( 4) : 843-851à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [11] Jena B, Dotti G, Cooper L. à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²edirecting T-cell specificity by introducing a tumor-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Blood, 2010; 116 ( 7) : 1035-1044à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [12] Scholler J, Brady TL, Binder-scholl G, et al. Decade-long safety and function of retroviral-modified chimeric antigen receptor T cellsà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ Sci Transl Medà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2012; 4( 132) : 132ra53à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [13] Brentjens RJ, Latouche JB, Santos E, et al.Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15.Nat Med, 2003; 9( 3) : 279-286. [14] Brentjens à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²J, Santos E, Nikhamin Y, et al. Genetically targeted T cells eradicate systemic acute lymphoblastic leukemia xenografts.Clin Cancer à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ²es, 2007; 13( 18) : 5426-5435. [15] Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M, et al.Chimeric antigen receptormodified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia.N Engl J Med, 2011; 365( 8) : 725-33à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [16] Kalos M, Levine BL, Porter, DL, et al. T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia.Sci Transl Med, 2011; 3( 95):95 ra73. [18] Janka G.Familial and acquired hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.Annu rev Med, 2012; 63( 1) : 233-246à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [19] Kohn DB, Dotti G, Brentjens R, et al. CARs on track in the clinic.Mol Ther, 2011; 19( 3) : 432-438à ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã… ½ [20] Maude SL , Barrett D, Teachey DT, et al. Managing Cytokine Release Syndrome Associated With Novel T Cell-Engaging Therapies[J].Cancer journal(Sudbury, Mass), 2014, 20(2):119-122. [21] Grupp SA, kalos M, Barrett D, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia[J].The New England journal of medicine, 2013, 368(16):1509-1518. [22] Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, et al. B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cells[J]Blood, 2012, 119(12):2709-2720. [23] Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome[J]Blood, 2014, 124(2):188-195 [24] Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Maude SL, et al.Cytokine release syndrome after blinatumomab treatment related to abnormal macrophage activation and ameliorated with cytokine-directed therapy[J].Blood, 2013, 12(26):5154-5157 [25] Gardner R, Wu D, Cherian S, et al.Acquisition of a CD19-neg-ative myeloid phenotype allows immune escape of MLL-rear-ranged B-ALL from CD19 CAR-T-cell the rapy[J].Blood, 2016, 127(20):2406-2410. [26] Saad S Kenderian MR, OL ga Shestova, Michael Klichishky, et al.Idntification of PD1 and TIM3As Checkpoints that Limit Chimeric Anti gen Receptor T Cell Efficacy in Leukemia[j]Bood, 2015, 126(23):852-852

Reliability and Validity Matrix

TEST of Reliability | Application and APPROPRIATENESS| Strengths| Weaknesses| Internal Consistency| This measure of reliability is appropriate when trying to determine the difference in reliability from shortening or lengthening a test (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). Here I am specifically referring to the Spearman-Brown formula being used to determine internal consistency. A researcher could also use other measures of internal consistency meant for heterogeneous test items, such as Inter-item consistency. The reliability of a test increases with an increase in the number of test items. One of the strengths of the Spearman-Brown Formula is that is can determine how much more or less reliable a test is as a researcher lengthens or shortens the test. This measure can also work in reverse and tell a researcher how many items they need to add to reach a certain reliability coefficient. | The problem with the use of the Spearman-Brown formula to determine internal consistency is that it is only affective with homogenous test items, that is items that are the same difficulty and length.Also, tests of reliability are higher for whole-test vs. half-test applications of the formula, which means that lengthier tests work better with this instrument. | Split-half| The split-half form of measuring reliability entails creating two halves in the same test that can be compared in the same manner as the parallel form of reliability testing uses. This type of measurement is appropriate when using odd-even reliability or random assignment splits, but is most applicable when designing mini-parallel forms of the same test.In this instance, each half is, â€Å"†¦as nearly equal as humanly possible—in format, stylistic, statistical, and related aspects† (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010, p. 145). | The strength of this kind of measure is that it is less time-consuming and less cumbersome for test-takers than the parallel form, but is also a good measure of internal consistency. T his type of measurement also help keep in check intermediary variables that might introduce error variance into the analysis, since the both parallel portions of the test are taken at once. However, there are several intermediary variables that are enhanced by this form of measuring reliability: fatigue that is felt during the second part of the test but not the first and variance in the difficulty or content of the items in the first half vs. the second half. It is also not advised to simply split a test down the middle. The different halves should have the same content and difficulty of question for the measure of reliability to be accurate. Test/retest| This type of test is applicable when the construct being measured is relatively stable over time, but is inappropriate for constructs that are not stable over time (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). This is because test/retest reliability is based on taking the same test, with the same people, at two different times. If the construct being measured is purported to change over time, then the scores of the test would vary because of true variance, rather than error variance—which is the basis of reliability, the latter that is. An example of this principle might be an achievement test measuring grammatical skills.If the test-taker undergoes a series of lessons on grammar between the first test and the second test, then the test will show variance, but not due to error but due to the intermediary variable of education. Test/retest reliability would be inappropriate in this situation. | The strength of this measurement of reliability are in tests that, â€Å"†¦employ outcome measures such as reaction time or perceptual judgment† (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010, p. 143). This is because these types of psychometric traits do not vary greatly over time and are not sensitive to many types of intervening variable. The weakness of test/retest reliability is, of course, that the underlying constructs being tested can change over time, and therefore lower the test/retest reliability due to true variance rather than error variance. In this case, the overall reliability of a test might be seen as lower even though the actual measurement of the construct is stable (it is just that the construct itself varies). | Parallel and alternate forms| Both parallel and alternative forms of test reliability utilize multiple instances of the same test items at two different times with the same participants (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010).These types of measures of reliability would be most appropriate with tests that measure traits that are stable over a long period of time and inappropriate when measuring finite emotional states or anxiety levels. | The strength of this measure of reliability is that it measures the core construct through several variances of the same test item. If equivalent scores are found on multiple forms of the same test item, then the reliability of the test will go up. Moreover, there are wa ys to perform this type of reliability analysis without having the test-taker undergo multiple examinations: internal onsistency estimate of reliability. This type of analysis would save time and money. | Designing these types of measures are time-consuming, expensive, and tiresome for the test-taker who has to take variations of the same test items over and over again. Also, these forms of testing reliability are not dependable for measuring constructs that change over time, such as anxiety levels. Another weakness is that if the tests are taken some time apart, then intervening variables might have an effect on the scores, thereby increasing error variance. Test of Validity| Application and APPROPRIATENESS| Strengths| Weaknesses| Face validity| Face validity is a description of the subjective perception of the test-taker of the test’s validity (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). This measure is not so much a quantification of the test’s actual validity, but a measure of the te st-taker’s perception of the test’s validity. Face validity is most appropriate when measuring the test-takers confidence that a test measures what it purports to measure. The strength of face validity is that if the test-taker has confidence in the validity of test, then they are more likely to take the test, and further the test user is more likely to administer the test. Without face validity, the test might be perfectly valid, but it is not administered or taken properly because the user/taker does not have confidence in the test. | The weakness of face validity is that it might not measure actual validity. A test can appear to be valid to the user/taker while also being completely invalid for the construct/time/place of the test.A good example might be the inkblot test. Psychologists that adhere to the psychodynamic perspective of psychopathology would say that the test is perfectly valid for determining personality characteristics, but the test taker might not un derstanding how the test applies to personality development, thereby undermining the face validity of the test. | Content validity| Measures of content validity are most useful in situations a test designer is trying to create test items that match the content of the material being tested (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010).For instance, a final course exam should test the content area that the course covered. Further, this measure might not be applicable in situations where the skills that the test designer are looking for in the applicant are not currently part of the skill-set of the already employed, such as in cases of new positions. | One of the strengths of content validity is that it can used to work backwards from job responsibilities to job applicant requirements.First, the test designer would examine veteran workers perform their job, and then design an application process that looks for these qualities in a potential employee. The items that are judge essential for the job are the ones that are most advantageous for the applicant to possess. | The downfall of content validity is that the perspective of the material being covered is culturally and chronologically subjective, meaning that the questions can have different answers in different areas of the world or at different times.Therefore, the test items must be culturally and chronologically accurate for the test-takers for content validity to be used. | Criterion related| I know this is personal opinion, but I think that criterion-related validity is the most powerful of all of the methods of verifying validity—especially concurrent validity. This type of validity is used to verify that the criterion that the test score purports to represent is actually in the sample of individuals being tested (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010).For instance, a group of people who have already been diagnosed with schizophrenia could be tested using a new instruments and if they all score high on the test for schizophrenia, th en the test can be said to have acceptable validity. | One of the strengths of criterion-related validity is that it is a very powerful measure of the actual validity of a test score. This type of validity uses methods external to the test itself to verify that the test covers the subject matter and criterion that it purports to cover. This fact alone makes this measure the most objective and verifiable of the measures of validity. A weakness of content validity is that criterion contaminations can occur, which is when the same predictor measure and criterion measure are used. As an example, if the diagnosis of a mental disorder by a panel of diagnosticians is used both as the test criterion and the measure of test validity. | Construct| Construct validity is the umbrella under which all of the other sub-types of validity fall (Cohen & Swerdlik, 2010). Construct validity is appropriate to use in cases where a test is trying to measure some underlying construct, such as intelligence or anxiety.I suppose this measure of validity might not be appropriate in situations where there is not one clear construct that is being measured, such as generalized achievement tests. | One of the main strengths of construct validity is that the procedures used to verify underlying constructs follow the edicts of the scientific method. A hypothesis is formulated, predicting that if someone possesses in great quantity the construct of intelligences—as verified through other measures—then they will score high on a test purporting to measure intelligence.In this way, a predictions is made based on scientific facts and then the test is used to determine if the prediction holds true. If it does not, then the test items, predictions, or underlying construct might need to be revised. | The downfall of this measure of validity is that if there is not one clear construct or if the construct is vaguely defined, then the validity of the test score is not measurable. So, the va lidity of the test rests on the underlying construct definition and specificity. |

The goal of the present paper is to discuss the different and shared properties

The goal of the present paper is to discuss the different and shared properties of photography and film with reference to the use of photographs in the film Paris qui dort (also known as Le rayon de la mort in France, and Paris asleep or The crazy ray internationally) by Renà © Clair (shot in 1923, the premier in France took place in 1925, in the United States – in 1926).Anne Friedberg once characterised this particular movie as â€Å"a narrative built around the shift from photography to film.†[1]   This quote indicates a channel for the discourse on the topic, how the French filmmaker synthesised photographic and cinematographic means to create a complex visual tissue.To remind the plot of this earlier example of cinematic science fiction, the main hero of the film called Albert (Henri Rollan), who is the watchman at the Eiffel Tower, awakens one perfect day to discover that the whole city of Paris has been fallen asleep. While he strolls down the streets of the bu siest European metropolis, the character observes people having been paralysed in their routine affairs. During his journey Albert meets five persons who have just arrived to Paris by airplane: Hesta (Madeleine Rodrigue), a self-made young traveller, a multi-millionaire who came to visit his bride (Antoine Stacquet), a hook and a police detective (Marcel Vallà ©e and Louis Prà © Fils), and a pilot (Albert Prà ©jean).These six occasional fellows in misery spend the night on the top of the Eiffel Tower and swoop into the city the next day to amuse themselves at their best.Having returned back to their shelter with precious loot, Albert and company catch the SOS-signal on the radio. In result of a purposeful search, the adventurers arrive at the cellar laboratory of Dr. Crase, a talented yet frenzied scientist (Charles Martinelli). Miss Crase, the professor's niece and assistant, meets the newcomers and tells them an interesting story.It appears that Dr. Crase has invented a wonderf ul machine that could arrest time by its rays. When the scientist tested his invention, all the six heroes enjoying the moment â€Å"happened to be, at three twenty-five, the moment of immobilization, at an altitude beyond its reach.†[2] Dr Crase was talented enough to design the formula for freezing the course of life but forgot to devise an antidote. Upon persuasion, he corrects his mistake, and Paris is permitted to return back to the usual mode of life.The members of the warm company separate from each other. Albert finds himself accompanying Miss Crase. The young man likes the girl and decides to see her back to her place but finds no cash to pay for the cab. He decides to immobilise the city one more time to stock up on money for the rest of his life. Albert rushes to Dr. Crase’s laboratory and struggles with the professor over the machine’s levy. Depending on their movements, the life in Paris is either set still or resumed in mobility. The battle ends up with an explosion.The heroes of the movie try to explain to the police what has happened. Nobody believes them so far as the rest of the Parisians, who have fallen asleep, do not remember the period of immobilisation. Finally, Albert is almost persuaded that Dr. Crase and his invention have been just his nightmares. However, upon return to the Eiffel Tower hand-in-hand with Miss Crase, the hero finds a diamond ring in the aperture between the girders. It was one of the trophies that the merry gang brought from the journey across the frozen city. The ring makes Albert believe once again in the existence of immobilising rays.[3]Before deciphering Friedberg’s idea about Clair having synthesised the performative possibilities of photography and cinematography, and before sharing some original ideas, the author feels obliged to analyse the technical and cultural backgrounds of these two interrelated media.Researchers started investigating the semiotic value of photography as the precedent to cinematography as early as in the mid-19th century. At the dawn of invention, photography was perceived as a technique to make light â€Å"exert an action †¦ sufficient to cause changes in material bodies.†[4] The idea was expressed by Fox Talbot in a book The pencil of nature, published in 1844. Rosalind Krauss chose the treatise as a field for analysis to discuss a dynamics of symbolic complexity associated with photography throughout its development. Her discourse is especially interesting so far as it explores the earlier metaphysical values ascribed to photography in the 1840s and the most recent semiological explanations of this art.To summarise the section of Krauss’ article dealing with the earlier representations of photography, the latter was perceived as a complex phenomenon existing both at the physical and metaphysical layers. On the one hand, it was often compared to â€Å"the footprint that is left on sand.†[5]To put it different ly, a well-known light spectrum was refracted inside a photographic camera so that the representations of people and other animate and inanimate objects were imprinted on the plates and photographic paper. On the other hand, Talbot and his contemporaries were intrigued by â€Å"certain invisible rays† which let â€Å"the eye of the camera †¦ see plainly where the human eye would find nothing but darkness.†[6][1] A. Friedberg, Window shopping: cinema and the postmodern, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, USA, University of California Press, 1993, p. 102. [2] Miss Crase’s words, cited in A. Michelson, Dr. Crase and Mr. Clair, October, 11: Winter, 1979: p. 34. [3] A detailed summary of the movie plot is provided by Michelson, pp. 33-34. [4] W. Fox Talbot, The pencil of nature, facsimile edition, New York, Da Capo Press, 1969, introduction, n.p., cited in R. Krauss, Tracing Nadar, Photography, 5: Oct. 1978: p. 39. [5] Krauss, Tracing Nadar, p. 33. [6] Talbot, cited in Krauss, Tracing Nadar, p. 41.

Viscosity Lab Essay - 721 Words

Viscosity Science Lab Purpose: To determine of changing the viscosity will affect the time it takes for a marble to flow through a liquid. Hypothesis: If a marble is dropped into dish soap and corn syrup, than I predict that the marble in the dish soap will travel faster than the marble in the corn syrup because I know that the viscosity of the corn syrup is thicker than then the viscosity of the dish soap. Also, the particles in the corn syrup are more compact than those in the dish soap. This makes the marble sink faster in the dish soap than the corn syrup. Apparatus: * 2 identical marbles * 250 Graduated Cylinders of 250mL * 250mL of dish soap * 250mL of corn syrup * 1 timer/stopwatch Procedure: 1.†¦show more content†¦It is very difficult for large particles to move past each other unlike small, tiny particles, like those in the dish soap. The particles in the dish soap are very small and can move more freely and quickly. In the dish soap, the particles are very small and can move past each other easily when compared to the particles in the corn syrup. Another reason also contributed to the result of this experiment. Attraction. Some types of particles tend to attract more than others and that is exactly what happened in the corn syrup. The particles in the corn syrup attracted more than the dish soap. The large particles in the corn syrup held tightly to each other, that when the marble fell in that it made it hard for the marble to pass through more than one particle at a time. IN the dish soap, the particles did not attract as much as the corn syrup which let the marble move easily and quickly through the liquid. The strength of attraction as well as the particle size is important in determining a fluid’s viscosity. Application: This viscosity experiment can be used in real-life when making sun-tan lotion as well as other cosmetic products. It is important for the lotion to be viscous because the lotion could not be applied and spread around the body if the cream was not viscous enough to suit its use. It would drip all over you! It wouldn’t dry or stay in one place. Many well-known businesses hire highly educated scientists to calculate the right viscosity level and if it isShow MoreRelatedLab Report On Viscosity : Newtonian Vs. Non Newtonian Fluids1722 Words   |  7 Pages Laboratory Report 3 Viscosity: Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Fluids By Jennifer Blanchard Olivia George Todd Lynn Chantz Yanagida ENGR 3070L CRN: 47426 27 September 2017 Jacqueline H. 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